While it is widely known that drug and alcohol addiction can result in life-threatening situations, such as severe withdrawal symptoms and overdose, what is less commonly acknowledged is that addiction has an emotional and psychological impact that can significantly increase the risk of suicide.
Alarmingly, over 50% of all suicides are associated with drug and alcohol dependence, and at least 25% of people struggling with substance misuse commit suicide. Understanding the reciprocal relationship between mental health and addiction is key to effective treatment and prevention.
The Connection Between Addiction and Suicide
Both suicide and addiction are public health concerns that affect individuals from all walks of life. While not everyone with an addiction attempts or completes suicide, and not all individuals with suicidal thoughts have a substance use disorder, these two conditions often overlap and contribute to the progression of one another.
The link between addiction and suicide can be better explained by mutual causality and shared causal factors, such as genetic predisposition, traumatic experiences, environmental factors, and other co-existing physical and mental health disorders. The vicious cycle of substance abuse and its effect on one’s mental health suggests that the more an individual uses alcohol or drugs, the worse their mental health becomes, hence increasing the risk of suicide.
Risk Factors for Suicide and Addiction
One significant risk factor for suicide is depression. Both depression and addiction are highly prevalent in the general population and often co-occur in the same individual. Alcoholism and drug abuse are major contributors to suicidal behaviour and depression and vice versa.
Substances like alcohol and drugs can alter how the brain works, leading to distorted perceptions and impulsive decision-making. Among all substances, alcohol and opioids are strongly associated with an increased risk of suicidal ideation, attempts, and fatalities. A person experiencing suicidal thoughts may also lose their inhibitions while under the influence of substances, making it more likely for them to act on suicidal impulses.
The negative emotions tied to both depression and addiction can lead to feelings of hopelessness and worthlessness, which only serve to exacerbate depressive symptoms and fuel suicidal behaviour. The co-occurrence of addiction and mood disorders also significantly heightens suicide risks.
Substance Use Disorder and Other Co-Occurring Conditions
Addiction is known to be comorbid with other mental health disorders, such as depression, anxiety, trauma- and stressor-related disorders, and personality disorders, among others.
Research suggests several components that may explain why alcohol or drug addiction and other mental disorders occur together, including genetic predisposition, environmental factors, self-medication, coping mechanisms, and changes in brain functioning.
If you or someone you care about is struggling with both mental health issues and addiction to the point that it is affecting your daily life, you may consider seeking professional help.
How to Prevent Suicide Among People You Care About
Suicide is preventable, and there are several steps you can take to help someone in need. Offering the appropriate support for your loved one can save lives.
- Pay attention to the warning signs. These may include signs of depression, self-harm, verbal cues such as direct or indirect threats, changes in behaviour, isolation, or suicide planning.
- Talk to them openly and with empathy. Knowing someone cares and is willing to listen to whatever you say can make a big difference.
- Acknowledge their feelings. Never invalidate what they’re going through and avoid saying things like, “Others have it worse”, or “It’s not even that bad.” Instead, make them feel heard and understood.
- Reduce access to lethal means. Limit their access to weapons, pills, or other instruments that could lead to suicide or self-harm.
- Help them develop healthy coping mechanisms. Don’t let them turn to substances or other destructive behaviours to cope with stress. Persuade them to engage in activities promoting overall well-being such as exercising, journalling, or finding a creative hobby.
- Encourage professional help. Explain the benefits of getting treatment and urge them to consult a mental health professional immediately.
Mental Health Treatment Options for Substance Abuse and Suicidal Thoughts
Dual Diagnosis
Dual diagnosis treatment is crucial in treating both substance use and mental health disorders, especially since addiction often co-occurs with other mental health problems such as depression and anxiety. Recognising the correlation and mutual causality enables a more comprehensive treatment approach, addressing both issues simultaneously without compromising the other.
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) is widely regarded as a first-line treatment for various mental health problems, including addiction and suicide ideation. It aims to identify and challenge unhealthy thought patterns that contribute to substance abuse and thoughts of suicide. Because the core principle of CBT is that our thoughts affect our actions, altering ways of thinking can promote healthier coping strategies and help reduce harmful behaviours.
Individual Therapy
Individual therapy offers a personalised approach to treating addiction and co-occurring mental health problems. It is particularly beneficial for individuals experiencing severe distress or those struggling with addiction and suicidal thoughts, as these situations require in-depth discourse to identify and address underlying issues. One-on-one sessions with a therapist effectively manage symptoms and develop healthy coping mechanisms.
Group therapy
Group therapy brings together individuals from diverse backgrounds in a supportive environment, allowing them to share similar struggles and receive reciprocal support. It is led by one or more therapists who facilitate discussions and provide feedback to encourage collective growth and healing. Group sessions foster community and belonging while strengthening interpersonal relationships, communication skills, and support systems.
Holistic Treatment
Holistic treatment tackles an individual’s totality, including the physical, emotional, and spiritual aspects. Various holistic techniques promote overall well-being, such as meditation, yoga, and mindfulness. Equine therapy is another unique approach in which individuals connect with horses to better deal with distress and enhance healing and recovery.
Residential Treatment
Residential treatment is the best option for those who have had previous suicide attempts and need extensive round-the-clock supervision. It integrates different evidence-based treatments personalised to the individual’s needs. An inpatient care facility offers a structured environment free from distractions and triggers, allowing an individual to focus on their addiction treatment.
Where to Get Help?
If you or a loved one is struggling with addiction or mental health, now is the best time to seek help. At Sierra Recovery, our dedicated team of mental health professionals has over three decades of clinical experience to provide the compassionate care you deserve.
Addiction is a serious and potentially fatal condition that requires immediate intervention. Take the first step toward recovery and regain control of your life today.
